tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89708856445975861702024-03-13T21:08:52.797-06:00Everything AirportEverything you ever wanted to know about Airports. With special focus on Airport Operations.Jessicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09791320752627325780noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8970885644597586170.post-17743396496673639552016-08-16T13:55:00.002-06:002016-08-16T21:24:51.116-06:00Let's Talk Airfield Paint Markings for Runways and Taxiways<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Do you know airfield
markings? In my experience many aviation professionals do not know them well
enough (this includes knowledge in Airport Operations, ATC, and Pilots ranks).
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">So let's learn about paint shall we?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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This post will just cover the basics since the AC has 136 pages (a bit too much
for one blog post eh?) How about just a bit of "paintformation" about
Runways and Taxiways.<br />
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</span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Runways</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> -</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
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Runway markings have certain requirements based on the type of aircraft and
instrument approaches approved for a specific runway. The chart below is
from <a href="http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/150_5340_1l.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">AC 150/5340-1L</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fnfXPQCbAKI/V7EuhZW5W_I/AAAAAAAAPho/AonrCFpRf3ImsyiviwQm3oK8V5beaiIrQCPcB/s1600/RunwayMarkingRequirementsACChart.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fnfXPQCbAKI/V7EuhZW5W_I/AAAAAAAAPho/AonrCFpRf3ImsyiviwQm3oK8V5beaiIrQCPcB/s640/RunwayMarkingRequirementsACChart.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/150_5340_1l.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">AC 150/5340-1L</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">As you can see in the
chart, the only two things required on every runway are the Landing Designator
(the runway numbers) and the Centerline. For Non-precision approach runways,
threshold markings are required (or "Piana Keys" if you have an awesome
maintenance department). And of course everything is required for a Precision
Approach runway, so add the Aiming Point Markings, Touchdown Zone Markings, and
Edge Markings). See the notes on the chart for modifications to the main
requirements. The graphic below from the AC and includes all of the paint
markings from the chart above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zjn4BEpEIJI/V7KAUQCeUVI/AAAAAAAAPj4/nJUKiL_311U59zhDbZdbrLnNnPNWt2Q_QCPcB/s1600/Runwaymarkingsfromac.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zjn4BEpEIJI/V7KAUQCeUVI/AAAAAAAAPj4/nJUKiL_311U59zhDbZdbrLnNnPNWt2Q_QCPcB/s640/Runwaymarkingsfromac.PNG" width="500" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><a href="http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/150_5340_1l.pdf" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue;">AC 150/5340-1L</span></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. What's the approximate width of the runway pictured below?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uBiFkkzE5yg/V7Ihj4G_KuI/AAAAAAAAPjQ/0jTX2lGNu5MXEkwp_ghCbquJexcxqK7eACLcB/s1600/runway-pixabayfreetouse.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1027"
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<b><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uBiFkkzE5yg/V7Ihj4G_KuI/AAAAAAAAPjY/8T14AhK66CIgOydo4-VJh-9fThbdRqVbQCPcB/s1600/runway-pixabayfreetouse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uBiFkkzE5yg/V7Ihj4G_KuI/AAAAAAAAPjY/8T14AhK66CIgOydo4-VJh-9fThbdRqVbQCPcB/s400/runway-pixabayfreetouse.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. And how many threshold stripes are required on a 150 foot
runway? </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VnWNklyfSTg/V7IgLgYSzfI/AAAAAAAAPjI/cjDQWy4aEuoP2ozZVvJgKiXSphM3cd9SACLcB/s1600/runwaystripesfromac.PNG"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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Do you know the answers to questions 1. and 2. now? 75 feet and 12 stripes
respectively yes?</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Taxiways -</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OZxjBupcHO0/V7J75Q-wuDI/AAAAAAAAPjs/meGGwarW9WgeFAXG4UgHh0i151fPUcHnwCPcB/s1600/Twy%252C%2Buse%2Bwith%2BBy%2BWalter%2BSiegmund%2B%2528Own%2Bwork%2529%2B%255BGFDL%2B%2528httpwww.gnu.orgcopyleftfdl.html%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OZxjBupcHO0/V7J75Q-wuDI/AAAAAAAAPjs/meGGwarW9WgeFAXG4UgHh0i151fPUcHnwCPcB/s640/Twy%252C%2Buse%2Bwith%2BBy%2BWalter%2BSiegmund%2B%2528Own%2Bwork%2529%2B%255BGFDL%2B%2528httpwww.gnu.orgcopyleftfdl.html%2529.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1025"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OZxjBupcHO0/V7J75Q-wuDI/AAAAAAAAPjk/6PxD0AtDcyA07d3MIMGIW6Gi-mVolDlPQCEw/s640/Twy%252C%2Buse%2Bwith%2BBy%2BWalter%2BSiegmund%2B%2528Own%2Bwork%2529%2B%255BGFDL%2B%2528httpwww.gnu.orgcopyleftfdl.html%2529.JPG"
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o:title="Twy%252C%2Buse%2Bwith%2BBy%2BWalter%2BSiegmund%2B%2528Own%2Bwork%2529%2B%255BGFDL%2B%2528httpwww.gnu.orgcopyleftfdl.html%2529"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">By Walter Siegmund (Own work) [GFDL] (<a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"><span style="color: blue;">source</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
What paint markings do you see in the picture above? I see the following (page
#'s refer to the AC):</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Enhanced
Taxiway Centerline (pg. 44)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Runway
Hold Short Marking (pg. 31)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Taxiway
Edge Line Marking (Continuous) (pg. 41)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Surface
Painted Holding Position Sign (pg. 49)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Surface
Painted Taxiway Location Sign (pg. 57)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Taxiway
Shoulder Markings (pg. 60)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Runway
Centerline Marking (pg. 18)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Did you know all of
these? Do you know what each marking means and how they each should be painted?
I knew the basics of all of the markings, but I still had to look up a few of
the official names, and I would have to review to know exactly what each
measurement is. In other words, paint markings require frequent review (unless
you have a photographic memory, I wish!). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">So go review! And we
will get into more detail about specific markings next time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jessicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09791320752627325780noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8970885644597586170.post-1390287991796814742016-08-06T22:13:00.000-06:002016-08-06T22:13:51.211-06:00RCAM and the New Braking Action Reporting Method, Part 1<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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The FAA has completely overhauled the method that Pilots, Airport Operators, ATC (Air Traffic Control), and Aircraft Manufacturers use to report and interpret braking action during inclement weather. The catalyst for the overhaul was a runway excursion that occurred at Chicago Midway in 2005. According to the <a href="http://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/Safety_Board_Determines_Cause_of_Runway_Overrun_at_Chicago_Midway.aspx" target="_blank">NTSB Safety Board Press Release</a>, the aircraft at Midway was given "mixed braking action reports". Due to misinformation of the actual runway conditions along with other contributing factors, the Southwest Boeing 737 departed the runway, went through two fences, and ended up on a roadway where it struck a vehicle. The accident resulted in one fatality and 22 people with injuries. The FAA then determined that the current system of notifying pilots of runway surface conditions was inadequate. Thus the formation of TALPA (Takeoff and Landing Performance Assessment) and RCAM (Runway Condition Assessment Matrix).</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OuXaiGY5qCs/V6az3XBGBRI/AAAAAAAAPWc/9xzx2eGjxQAkFHXuMMTfH3pgEEDsc-zAwCLcB/s1600/diasnowcoverfreetouse.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="DIA snow example RCAM" border="0" height="331" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OuXaiGY5qCs/V6az3XBGBRI/AAAAAAAAPWc/9xzx2eGjxQAkFHXuMMTfH3pgEEDsc-zAwCLcB/s640/diasnowcoverfreetouse.PNG" title="Snow Covered Denver International" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Courtesy of <a href="http://www.winterops.ca/index.php/ci_id/108016/la_id/1.htm" target="_blank">DIA</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The goals of the FAA in this endeavor are summed up nicely on the FAA <a href="http://runwayexcursions.faa.gov/content.html?id=wo3" target="_blank">website</a> in the aim of mitigating the possibility of runway excursions in the future:</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px; line-height: 18.24px;">"The goal of the Takeoff and Landing Performance Assessment initiatives, or TALPA, is to standardize terminology and an aircraft's performance data given actual surface conditions. The cornerstone of this voluntary effort is the Runway Condition Assessment Matrix (RCAM). The RCAM seeks to tie together runway contaminant descriptions, braking action, and airplane performance data by utilizing codes 0 through 6."</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.2px; line-height: 18.24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The RCAM Table developed by the FAA is pictured below:</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lV0NPK3uolY/V6ajk6n8EHI/AAAAAAAAPWM/GADWQeVOBQcjpUtDQOYC5y9kW17LQadTQCLcB/s1600/rcamfromac.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="604" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lV0NPK3uolY/V6ajk6n8EHI/AAAAAAAAPWM/GADWQeVOBQcjpUtDQOYC5y9kW17LQadTQCLcB/s640/rcamfromac.PNG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">From <a href="http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/150-5200-30D.pdf" style="text-align: start;" target="_blank">(AC) 150/5200-30D</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.2px; line-height: 18.24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
The RCAM table will go into effect on October 1, 2016, which is also when the NOTAM system will change over to the new way of reporting runway surface conditions. Let's break the table down a bit to make sense of it.</div>
<br />
<ul>
<li>The description column is categorized based temperature,type, and depth of contaminant.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>There are 7 Runway Condition Codes (RwyCC) that will be used to understand the surface conditions (0-6), with 6 being better than good and 0 being the worst condition resulting "Nil" braking action. </li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>The RwyCC will be ascertained by the airport operator and used by pilots to help determine braking action performance. </li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>RwyCC are only reported when greater than 25% of the runway is contaminated. When less than 25% is contaminated, only the type of contamination for each third of the runway is reported.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>The computer NOTAM systems actually assign the RwyCC for each third of the runway based on the contaminant information the airport operator enters into the system. The airport operator then makes sure that the RwyCCs accurately represent the runway condition. </li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>Mu values will no longer be reported to aircraft operators. The Mu friction values listed are approximate ranges and can be used to degrade the RwyCC, but not upgrade the code unless the actual surfaces are not as slippery as the ascertained code. In this case a higher condition code no greater than 3 can be assigned for each third of the runway that measures a Mu greater than .40 and this changed code must be supported by other observed conditions. Additionally, if the code is upgraded, the surface conditions must be closely monitored for degradation of conditions (More information about this in the AC). </li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>The condition descriptions can be used for reference on all
airport surfaces.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>The term "Fair" for braking action has been changed to "Medium" (which is what Europe already uses)</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Advisory Circular <a href="http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/150-5200-30D.pdf" target="_blank">(AC) 150/5200-30D</a>, for Airport Winter Safety and Operations, was just updated on July 29, 2016. The biggest updates to the AC include the RCAM as seen above and the change in the way NOTAMs (Notices to Airmen) for precipitation conditions will be formatted, since it needs to correlate to the RCAM. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This was the first installment on this topic. Next time, we'll go over more information about how the NOTAMs will look and how to translate them.</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u>Resources:</u></b><br />
http://www.airtech.tc.faa.gov/Safety/Downloads/TC-TN13-22.pdf<br />
<br />
http://runwayexcursions.faa.gov/<br />
<br />
Catalyst for RCAM:<br />
http://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/Safety_Board_Determines_Cause_of_Runway_Overrun_at_Chicago_Midway.aspx<br />
<br />
https://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/talpa/media/Airport-Operators-TALPA-FAQS.pdf<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Jessicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09791320752627325780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8970885644597586170.post-45853830320492167422016-07-21T20:06:00.001-06:002016-07-22T14:32:45.491-06:00Test your Airport Knowledge With a Short Quiz<div class="question">
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Airport Quiz</h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
How much do you know about Airports? Answer the questions below to find out.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
1. How many threshold markings are required on a 150 foot wide precision runway?</div>
<ul class="answers">
<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /><label for="q1a">10</label><br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="b" /><label for="q1b">14</label><br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /><label for="q1c">8</label><br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /><label for="q1d">12</label><br />
</ul>
<div class="question">
2. Which photo depicts a Runway Hold Short line?</div>
<ul class="answers">
<input id="q2a" name="q2" type="radio" value="a" /><label for="q2a"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LwvVgYLAQ1I/Vfx2i8pAajI/AAAAAAAAH6E/CSKgodvYL-gLz5RsTXiVHzYstE4u7SK9ACKgB/s1600/20150831_130246.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LwvVgYLAQ1I/Vfx2i8pAajI/AAAAAAAAH6E/CSKgodvYL-gLz5RsTXiVHzYstE4u7SK9ACKgB/s200/20150831_130246.jpg" width="200" /></a></label><br />
<br />
<input id="q2b" name="q2" type="radio" value="b" /><label for="q2b"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3HfqT3LVK80/V5EvzLp4ccI/AAAAAAAAO3Q/eAs93kP5frYzBfggE0hZ1cjYzuyl8d5rwCKgB/s1600/20160530_075809.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="113" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3HfqT3LVK80/V5EvzLp4ccI/AAAAAAAAO3Q/eAs93kP5frYzBfggE0hZ1cjYzuyl8d5rwCKgB/s200/20160530_075809.jpg" width="200" /></a></label><br />
<br />
<input id="q2c" name="q2" type="radio" value="c" /><label for="q2c"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K9JT5Wqnv-Q/V5ExRbX85SI/AAAAAAAAO3c/6FUotCzM2zsVwnW2mqMoCNJdHDMgUBI6wCLcB/s1600/mark-1105984_1920%2B%25281%2529noattrequiredleft.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K9JT5Wqnv-Q/V5ExRbX85SI/AAAAAAAAO3c/6FUotCzM2zsVwnW2mqMoCNJdHDMgUBI6wCLcB/s200/mark-1105984_1920%2B%25281%2529noattrequiredleft.jpg" width="200" /></a></label><br />
<br />
<input id="q2d" name="q2" type="radio" value="d" /><label for="q2d"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2wkFyzNl1Lc/V5EyFWUd0EI/AAAAAAAAO3k/7QhyUUBUJaUOZVGdvhSRXVbVzAUlDbzmACLcB/s1600/mark-1105984_1920%2B%25281%2529noattrequired.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="138" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2wkFyzNl1Lc/V5EyFWUd0EI/AAAAAAAAO3k/7QhyUUBUJaUOZVGdvhSRXVbVzAUlDbzmACLcB/s200/mark-1105984_1920%2B%25281%2529noattrequired.jpg" width="200" /></a></label><br />
</ul>
<div class="question">
3. Name the type airspace that matches the following description: "Generally, that airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation's busiest airports in terms of IFR operations or passenger enplanements. The configuration this airspace area is individually tailored and consists of a surface area and two or more layers, it sometimes looks like an upside down wedding cake"</div>
<ul class="answers">
<input id="q3a" name="q3" type="radio" value="a" /><label for="q3a">Class A</label><br />
<input id="q3b" name="q3" type="radio" value="b" /><label for="q3b">Class B</label><br />
<input id="q3c" name="q3" type="radio" value="c" /><label for="q3c">Class C</label><br />
<input id="q3d" name="q3" type="radio" value="d" /><label for="q3d">Class D</label><br />
</ul>
<div class="question">
4. What are the number designators of runways based on?</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DhcED3yAiTU/V5E1dvFei5I/AAAAAAAAO3w/emvy-2MdiQckyA70rXIniXKmBI4J2z9VQCLcB/s1600/airport-1012806_1920%2Bnoatt%2Brequired.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DhcED3yAiTU/V5E1dvFei5I/AAAAAAAAO3w/emvy-2MdiQckyA70rXIniXKmBI4J2z9VQCLcB/s200/airport-1012806_1920%2Bnoatt%2Brequired.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<ul class="answers"><br /></ul>
<ul class="answers"><br /></ul>
<ul class="answers"><br /></ul>
<ul class="answers"><br /></ul>
<ul class="answers"><br /></ul>
<br />
<ul class="answers">
<input id="q4a" name="q4" type="radio" value="a" /><label for="q4a">They are numbered by state, based on the sequence of when the runways are commissioned, ie the first runway is called "1", the second is "2", etc.</label><br />
<input id="q4b" name="q4" type="radio" value="b" /><label for="q4b">Magnetic Compass Headings</label><br />
<input id="q4c" name="q4" type="radio" value="c" /><label for="q4c">They are decided by the Airport Operator based on preference</label><br />
<input id="q4d" name="q4" type="radio" value="d" /><label for="q4d">The Latitude and Longitude of the runway</label><br />
</ul>
<div class="question">
5. What does PCCP stand for? </div>
<ul class="answers">
<input id="q5a" name="q5" type="radio" value="a" /><label for="q5a">Pavement Convection Conversion Plan</label><br />
<input id="q5b" name="q5" type="radio" value="b" /><label for="q5b">Portland Cement Concrete Pavement</label><br />
<input id="q5c" name="q5" type="radio" value="c" /><label for="q5c">Port of Connecticut Company </label><br />
<input id="q5d" name="q5" type="radio" value="d" /><label for="q5d">Plan for Coolant Contaminants Partition</label><br />
</ul>
<div class="question">
6. What qualifies an airport to be under CFR Part FAR 139?</div>
<ul class="answers">
<input id="q6a" name="q6" type="radio" value="a" /><label for="q6a">Scheduled passenger-carrying operations of an air carrier operating aircraft configured for more than 9 passenger seats, as determined by the regulations under which the operation is conducted or the aircraft type certificate issued by a competent civil aviation authority</label><br />
<input id="q6b" name="q6" type="radio" value="b" /><label for="q6b">Scheduled passenger-carrying operations of an air carrier operating aircraft configured for more than 31 passenger seats, as determined by the regulations under which the operation is conducted or the aircraft type certificate issued by a competent civil aviation authority</label><br />
<input id="q6c" name="q6" type="radio" value="c" /><label for="q6c">Unscheduled passenger-carrying operations of an air carrier operating aircraft configured for at least 31 passenger seats, as determined by the regulations under which the operation is conducted or the aircraft type certificate issued by a competent civil aviation authority</label><br />
<input id="q6d" name="q6" type="radio" value="d" /><label for="q6d">Both A and C</label><br />
<input id="q7a" name="q7" type="radio" value="e" /><label for="q7a">Both B and C</label><br />
</ul>
<div class="question">
7. Which of the following aircraft is considered a design group 3?</div>
<ul class="answers">
<input id="q7a" name="q7" type="radio" value="a" /><label for="q7a">CRJ 200</label><br />
<input id="q7b" name="q7" type="radio" value="b" /><label for="q7b">Boeing 767</label><br />
<input id="q7c" name="q7" type="radio" value="c" /><label for="q7c">A330</label><br />
<input id="q7d" name="q7" type="radio" value="d" /><label for="q7d">Boeing 737</label><br />
</ul>
<div class="question">
8. Incandescent, Halogen, Quartz, & LED are types of what?</div>
<ul class="answers">
<input id="q8a" name="q8" type="radio" value="a" /><label for="q8a">Minerals used for Concrete</label><br />
<input id="q8b" name="q8" type="radio" value="b" /><label for="q8b">Minerals used for Asphalt</label><br />
<input id="q8c" name="q8" type="radio" value="c" /><label for="q8c">Airfield Lighting</label><br />
<input id="q8d" name="q8" type="radio" value="d" /><label for="q8d">Terms the FAA uses that are outdated</label><br />
</ul>
<div class="question">
9. What color are inpavement runway guard lights?</div>
<ul class="answers">
<input id="q9a" name="q9" type="radio" value="a" /><label for="q9a">red</label><br />
<input id="q9b" name="q9" type="radio" value="b" /><label for="q9b">blue</label><br />
<input id="q9c" name="q9" type="radio" value="c" /><label for="q9c">amber</label><br />
<input id="q9d" name="q9" type="radio" value="d" /><label for="q9d">green</label><br />
</ul>
<div class="question">
10. Airport locations signs are?</div>
<ul class="answers">
<input id="q10a" name="q10" type="radio" value="a" /><label for="q10a">red on white</label><br />
<input id="q10b" name="q10" type="radio" value="b" /><label for="q10b">yellow on black</label><br />
<input id="q10c" name="q10" type="radio" value="c" /><label for="q10c">white on yellow</label><br />
<input id="q10d" name="q10" type="radio" value="d" /><label for="q10d">green on white</label><br />
</ul>
<br />
<div id="results">
<a href="http://everythingairport.blogspot.com/p/answers-to-quiz.html" target="_blank">Show me the answers!</a><br />
<br />
Tell us your score in the comments!<br />
<br /></div>
<div id="category1">
<strong>Question 1:</strong> The correct answer is the <strong>Answer 1</strong>.</div>
<div id="category2">
<strong>Question 2:</strong> The correct answer is <strong>Answer 2</strong>.</div>
<div id="category3">
<strong>Question 3:</strong> The correct answer is <strong>Answer 3</strong>.</div>
<div id="category4">
<strong>Question 4:</strong> The correct answer is <strong>Answer 4</strong>.</div>
<div id="category5">
<strong>Question 5:</strong> The correct answer is <strong>Answer 1</strong>.</div>
<div id="category6">
<strong>Question 6:</strong> The correct answer is <strong>Answer 2</strong>.</div>
<div id="category7">
<strong>Question 7:</strong> The correct answer is <strong>Answer 3</strong>.</div>
<div id="category8">
<strong>Question 8:</strong> The correct answer is <strong>Answer 4</strong>.</div>
<div id="category9">
<strong>Question 9:</strong> The correct answer is <strong>Answer 1</strong>.</div>
<div id="category10">
<strong>Question 10:</strong> The correct answer is <strong>Answer 2</strong>.</div>
<div id="category11">
You answered them all right!</div>
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Jessicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09791320752627325780noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8970885644597586170.post-74147791281460293352016-07-14T21:28:00.001-06:002016-07-14T21:30:02.767-06:00Pod Planes and Pods on Planes<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><u>Pod Planes</u></span></h3>
<br />
What on earth is a Pod Plane you ask? An intriguing concept for aviation transport. Clip-Air is the company who designed the aircraft in the picture you see below.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DJSRF5CBnSg/V4f1B8PEJcI/AAAAAAAAOJg/SMyOvxZAWno8jD069Z7bfQfpa-tuSD5PgCLcB/s1600/vue-de-dessous.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="353" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DJSRF5CBnSg/V4f1B8PEJcI/AAAAAAAAOJg/SMyOvxZAWno8jD069Z7bfQfpa-tuSD5PgCLcB/s640/vue-de-dessous.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: , serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">©
EPFL / TRANSP-OR / LIV / ICOM</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Their idea is to borrow the integration that the the railway companies use for trains and use it to revolutionize aviation. The three pods in the picture above are akin to the shipping containers on trains that roll up to a train station as you can see in the graphic below. Beyond that, according to <a href="http://clipair.epfl.ch/impacts" target="_blank">Clip-Air</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">, "<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;">Using modular capsules, the system can be extended beyond aviation by transferring the very same capsules to trains, trucks, or boats. The dimensions and weight of the capsules, 30 meters in length, weighing 30 tons, make it compatible with today’s railway infrastructure."</span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EME_L8gVu4o/V4gBJCJ-o0I/AAAAAAAAOJw/1G-v1I1svFEgxiLrYFX6qs3lw5YV1ZCXgCLcB/s1600/Gare-embarquement.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="321" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EME_L8gVu4o/V4gBJCJ-o0I/AAAAAAAAOJw/1G-v1I1svFEgxiLrYFX6qs3lw5YV1ZCXgCLcB/s640/Gare-embarquement.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: , serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">©
EPFL / TRANSP-OR / LIV / ICOM</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Imagine airports completely changing in functionality. Maintenance of the actual flying portion of the aircraft would be completely separate from loading/unloading and internal cleaning. The pilots are seperate from the passengers which eliminates the issues with fallible cockpit door security. The pods can be all different sizes as seen below to maximize profitability.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xWRI3M8ywy8/V4g6g-lu1zI/AAAAAAAAOKE/vxiTiIKi_RAjGzc6HFtpF978sNkLwBqdgCLcB/s1600/5_types_capsules.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xWRI3M8ywy8/V4g6g-lu1zI/AAAAAAAAOKE/vxiTiIKi_RAjGzc6HFtpF978sNkLwBqdgCLcB/s640/5_types_capsules.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.72px;">© EPFL / TRANSP-OR / LIV / ICOM</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The pods are transported from rail to flying wing by a transfer carriage seen below.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Tgr8w9zjSxk/V4hFZt5DH_I/AAAAAAAAOKk/8ngDapC_4P4t2b3-E7SRuFZ95ucmfAgrgCLcB/s1600/transfert%2Bcarriage%2Bsystem.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="321" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Tgr8w9zjSxk/V4hFZt5DH_I/AAAAAAAAOKk/8ngDapC_4P4t2b3-E7SRuFZ95ucmfAgrgCLcB/s640/transfert%2Bcarriage%2Bsystem.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.72px;">© EPFL / TRANSP-OR / LIV / ICOM</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Airlines can partner with each other to compose a total of three pods per flight, as having three pods on the flying wing is the most economical set up. Clip-Air's flying wing concept is not far along enough to know exactly how much fuel would be used, but the company is exploring alternative fuel options. Additionally, the pods themselves can be filled with fuel. So theoretically, the transport could fly anywhere in the world without stopping. The pods can of course be of mixed purpose like the picture below with part cargo/part passenger loads.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-87YVshXrP-w/V4hARghQ4AI/AAAAAAAAOKU/PK3I8BZx2SYEo4_FciI9SRqoDt4cEGF7wCLcB/s1600/Cargo-passagers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-87YVshXrP-w/V4hARghQ4AI/AAAAAAAAOKU/PK3I8BZx2SYEo4_FciI9SRqoDt4cEGF7wCLcB/s640/Cargo-passagers.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.72px;">© EPFL / TRANSP-OR / LIV / ICOM</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The company has also conceptualized smaller flying wings for small GA airplane replacement and for business jet purposes as seen below.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NWFtEj3VaxQ/V4hGttrBx7I/AAAAAAAAOKw/1GjeCPKlyggoMkMuRpOZKHvibGwOAldcwCLcB/s1600/Private-plane.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NWFtEj3VaxQ/V4hGttrBx7I/AAAAAAAAOKw/1GjeCPKlyggoMkMuRpOZKHvibGwOAldcwCLcB/s640/Private-plane.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.72px;">© EPFL / TRANSP-OR / LIV / ICOM</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://clipair.epfl.ch/the-steps" target="_blank">Clip-Air proposes to</a> increasingly advance their <span style="font-family: inherit;">design and build up to the three pod wing and perhaps even using a "<span style="background-color: white; color: #454545; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">large Clip-Air wing as a launch pad for rockets carrying small satellites into orbit." </span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0jQZEAfst-I/V4hHlxf_koI/AAAAAAAAOK8/jYO8v4dPwb8suyQ4-SzlFRoXQlUHDxhowCLcB/s1600/Steps_2018_2050.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="528" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0jQZEAfst-I/V4hHlxf_koI/AAAAAAAAOK8/jYO8v4dPwb8suyQ4-SzlFRoXQlUHDxhowCLcB/s640/Steps_2018_2050.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.72px;">© EPFL / TRANSP-OR / LIV / ICOM</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://clipair.epfl.ch/the-steps" style="line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;" target="_blank">Clip-Air </a><span style="background-color: white; color: #454545; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">readily admits to being "an exploratory project, and as such it is seeking to open new avenues of thought, regarding both the concept of commercial aviation and the use of existing technology, in order to fundamentally rethink tomorrow’s means of transportation."</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #454545; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #454545; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">According to a <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/05/aviation/clip-air-pod-airplane-concept/index.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2Fcnn_travel+(RSS%3A+CNN+-+Travel)" target="_blank">CNN article </a>whose writer consulted an industry expert, Addison Schonland, the chances of </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #454545; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">this </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #454545; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">concept being a reality are "rather slim." The entire system that is in place now would have to be revolutionized which would cost a lot of money, not to mention acceptance by the public, aircraft manufacturers, airports, and more. Schonland stated that, "...if the concept is ever to take off, I would see it working for cargo first."</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #454545; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JkXRi7_p3ns" width="560"></iframe>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #454545; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Airbus has a single photo on their <a href="http://www.airbus.com/innovation/future-by-airbus/a-whole-new-way-to-fly/" target="_blank">website page</a> for the "Future of Airbus" for the aircraft pod concept. I'm not sure if this was posted before or after Clip-Air's website launch. There is also an <a href="http://www.wired.com/2015/11/airbus-patents-detachable-cabins-to-cut-plane-boarding-times/" target="_blank">article one Wired.com</a> about Airbus proposing the pod plane idea written in November, 2015. </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #454545; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #454545; font-size: x-large; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><u>Pods on Planes</u></span></h3>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph" style="background-color: #fefefe; box-sizing: border-box; color: #262626; line-height: 1.66667; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">A company called Windspeed Technologies LLC has created a pod that sits on top of a conventional aircraft. They have named this pod the "SkyDeck" and it is so cool. There are a few conception videos on YouTube featuring the SkyDeck, here is one:</span></div>
<iframe align="center" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/07nU_BS92XI" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
How amazing would the view be from 30,000 feet on top of an airliner or business jet?<br />
<br />
From their <a href="http://windspeedtech.com/" target="_blank">website</a> brief, it appears they have thought of everything from drag interferance with the rudder to condensation/fogging issues on the pod windscreen. Just last month in May of 2016, Windspeed announced that,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> "<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; letter-spacing: 0.28px; line-height: 21.28px;">A major Boeing supplier and Windspeed will jointly offer the SkyDeck to high-end aircraft owners and airlines." </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; letter-spacing: 0.28px; line-height: 21.28px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; letter-spacing: 0.28px; line-height: 21.28px;">So, coming to an airport near you!</span></span><br />
<h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #1f2a51; font-family: Montserrat, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.05em; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</h4>
Jessicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09791320752627325780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8970885644597586170.post-69044618185482315702016-06-24T14:43:00.000-06:002016-07-15T15:04:41.221-06:00Runway Rubber and 5 Ways to Remove It<div dir="ltr">
Summer officially started last week. With the warmer weather, airports must be extra attentive to rubber build up on runways. When airplanes land on hot runways, the rubber on the tires gets deposited in long black stripes. This is due to friction and thus excess heat and pressure caused when the stationary tires touch down onto the pavement and for the next 1000 feet have to spin up to reach the speed of the moving aircraft. Amazingly, approximately 1.4 pounds of rubber from each tire of a large aircraft like a Boeing 747 is deposited each time that aircraft lands (<a href="http://www.airtech.tc.faa.gov/naptf/att07/2002%20TRACK%20S.pdf/S5.pdf" target="_blank">Source</a>). A Boeing 747 has 18 tires, so that would be 18*1.4 = 25.2 pounds of rubber per landing.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iNQki0KOIi0/V27aO0PC9RI/AAAAAAAANWY/pQwFZ6jveT0eBIKXxdmaRarEZ2fkx0qiQCLcB/s1600/Airplane_Landing_Runway_Rubber_Builduppermwithatt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iNQki0KOIi0/V27aO0PC9RI/AAAAAAAANWY/pQwFZ6jveT0eBIKXxdmaRarEZ2fkx0qiQCLcB/s640/Airplane_Landing_Runway_Rubber_Builduppermwithatt.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Courtesy of <a href="http://www.waterblastingtechnologies.com/hog-blog/how-frequently-should-runway-rubber-removal-be-performed/?utm_source=email&utm_content=2760115" target="_blank">Waterblasting Technologies</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The rubber tends to build up in mostly the same areas on each end of the runway until eventually, the friction coefficient (for braking) becomes too low and the rubber must be removed to prevent slide offs and overruns. (See my article about <a href="http://everythingairport.blogspot.com/2016/05/safety-areas.html" target="_blank">Safety Areas</a>.) The rubber also covers up the paint markings on the runway until at worst, the center line stripes are completely invisible.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e8aExz71CRQ/V2irmX89UkI/AAAAAAAANSc/C-mvxASTE20-7lfIsXxCQcgi_iAor7jPgCLcB/s1600/military-jets-noattreq.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e8aExz71CRQ/V2irmX89UkI/AAAAAAAANSc/C-mvxASTE20-7lfIsXxCQcgi_iAor7jPgCLcB/s400/military-jets-noattreq.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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The FAA has put out a guideline on how often runways should be tested with CFME (Continuous Friction Measuring Equipment) to determine friction coefficients (<a href="http://www.faa.gov/documentlibrary/media/advisory_circular/150-5320-12c/150_5320_12c.pdf" target="_blank">AC 150/5320-12C</a>). Rubber should be removed from runways based on the outcomes of the friction tests. Many Large airports remove the rubber twice a year in the spring and fall.<br />
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 278px;"><colgroup><col style="mso-width-alt: 5347; mso-width-source: userset; width: 113pt;" width="150"></col>
<col style="mso-width-alt: 4551; mso-width-source: userset; width: 96pt;" width="128"></col>
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<tr height="70" style="height: 52.8pt;">
<td class="xl66" height="70" style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0.5pt solid black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; height: 52.8pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 113pt;" width="150">NUMBER OF DAILY<br />
MINIMUM TURBOJET<br />
AIRCRAFT LANDINGS <br />
PER RUNWAY END
</td>
<td class="xl66" style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 0.5pt 0.5pt 0.5pt medium; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 96pt;" width="128"><div data-canvas-width="79.20009999999999" style="left: 823.2px; top: 770.796px; transform: scaleX(1.04872);">
MINIMUM<br />
FRICTION </div>
<div data-canvas-width="79.20009999999999" style="left: 823.2px; top: 770.796px; transform: scaleX(1.04872);">
SURVEY </div>
<div data-canvas-width="79.20009999999999" style="left: 823.2px; top: 770.796px; transform: scaleX(1.04872);">
FREQUENCY</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.4pt;">
<td class="xl65" height="19" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; height: 14.4pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><div data-canvas-width="110.39979999999997" style="left: 622.8px; top: 851.996px; transform: scaleX(0.949676);">
LESS THAN 15</div>
</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt medium; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><div data-canvas-width="57.999599999999994" style="left: 833.6px; top: 851.996px; transform: scaleX(0.974101);">
1 YEAR</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.4pt;">
<td class="xl65" height="19" style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; height: 14.4pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><div data-canvas-width="64.8004" style="left: 645.6px; top: 873.196px; transform: scaleX(0.931542);">
16 TO 30</div>
</td>
<td class="xl65" style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt medium; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><div data-canvas-width="82.79976666666666" style="left: 821.2px; top: 873.196px; transform: scaleX(0.956762);">
6 MONTHS</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.4pt;">
<td class="xl65" height="19" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; height: 14.4pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><div data-canvas-width="64.8004" style="left: 645.6px; top: 894.396px; transform: scaleX(0.931542);">
31 TO 90</div>
</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt medium; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><div data-canvas-width="82.79976666666666" style="left: 821.2px; top: 894.396px; transform: scaleX(0.956762);">
3 MONTHS</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.4pt;">
<td class="xl65" height="19" style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; height: 14.4pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><div data-canvas-width="73.20023333333333" style="left: 641.6px; top: 915.596px; transform: scaleX(0.927809);">
91 TO 150</div>
</td>
<td class="xl65" style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt medium; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><div data-canvas-width="73.5998" style="left: 826px; top: 915.596px; transform: scaleX(0.976988);">
1 MONTH</div>
</td>
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<td class="xl65" height="19" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; height: 14.4pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><div data-canvas-width="81.59973333333332" style="left: 637.2px; top: 936.796px; transform: scaleX(0.924861);">
151 TO 210</div>
</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt medium; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><div data-canvas-width="70.4002" style="left: 827.6px; top: 936.796px; transform: scaleX(0.945233);">
2 WEEKS</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.4pt;">
<td class="xl65" height="19" style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 1pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; height: 14.4pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><div data-canvas-width="156.8000666666667" style="left: 599.6px; top: 957.996px; transform: scaleX(0.957192);">
GREATER THAN 210</div>
</td>
<td class="xl65" style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 0.5pt 1pt medium; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><div data-canvas-width="61.20006666666667" style="left: 832px; top: 957.996px; transform: scaleX(0.967271);">
1 WEEK</div>
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</tbody></table>
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<div dir="ltr">
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<div dir="ltr">
What does the rubber removal process look like? Generally, the airport operator schedules a closure either for a full 3-5 days or closures on and off for throughout the day, for a number of days, as to not deprive Air Traffic Control and the airlines a runway at peak times. (So, the runway may be closed overnight until a certain time in the morning, then open for four hours, and then close for 6 hours, then close again for the night.) When the runway closes for more than a designated amount of time (generally 2 or more hours), airport operations or maintenance will put out a runway Lighted Visual Aid (<a href="http://www.faa.gov/documentlibrary/media/advisory_circular/150-5345-55a/150_5345_55a.pdf" target="_blank">AC 150/5345-55A</a>) or "Lighted X" at each end of the runway. Then the maintenance crew or a contracted runway rubber removal crew go to town removing the many thousands of pounds of rubber.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_l-kLRuq16U/V27YKwEf4AI/AAAAAAAANWM/23wYGP9c4PMU2drFattgoRP6aujsCP1OQCLcB/s1600/WancoX-Markerpermissionwithatt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="317" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_l-kLRuq16U/V27YKwEf4AI/AAAAAAAANWM/23wYGP9c4PMU2drFattgoRP6aujsCP1OQCLcB/s400/WancoX-Markerpermissionwithatt.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Courtesy of <a href="http://www.wanco.com/products/detail.php?prd_id=59" target="_blank">Wanco</a> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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There are five different ways to remove the deposits. I found most of this information from a presentation titled <a href="http://www.airtech.tc.faa.gov/naptf/att07/2002%20TRACK%20S.pdf/S5.pdf" target="_blank"><i>Airfield Rubber Removal</i></a> and another titled <i><a href="http://www.carc.jo/pdf/Directorate-Airports-Safety-and-Standards-DASS/091829Rubber%20Removal%20Technique%20Information%20Paper.pdf" target="_blank">Rubber Removal Techniques</a>.</i><br />
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1. <b>High-Pressure Water Blasting</b><br />
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Water is sprayed out of a rotary device at 2,000-15,000 PSI and removes at least 10,000 sq. ft. of rubber perhour. The machines use about 30 gallons of water/minute, but by using water, it makes this technique cost effective. While the machine is clearing the rubber, it also improves the friction characteristics as it passes. A great benefit is that the runway can be cleared very quickly in case of an emergency as there are no chemicals to be removed; a sweeper truck can simply go over the area right after the water blasting vehicle, and both can be off of the runway in minutes. This method can be used in any weather condition. Disadvantages include: The machine being loud requiring hearing protection, requirement to properly dispose of the waste, the loosening of surface matrix, a cleaning rate of one run is only 70%, and it can damage asphalt and grooved pavement over time.<br />
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<br />
2. <b>Ultra High Pressure Water Blasting</b><br />
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Water is sprayed out of a truck mounted rotary device at 40,000 PSI and can remove 10,000 sq. ft. of rubber per hour. This sounds similar to the High-Pressure water blasting, but the benefit of this machine is that it only uses 8 gallons of water/minute. A disadvantage of some of these types of machines is that they use such a high pressure, that it actually causes the pavement underneath it to become smoother, and overtime can create a polished surface that ultimately decreases braking coefficients. A machine called a <a href="http://www.trackjet.de/" target="_blank">TrackJet</a>, claims to remove almost 100% of the rubber without damaging the micro or macro texture of the pavement. Additionally the TrackJet uses less water and fuel to operate than traditional machines of this type. The TrackJet removes slightly less rubber per hour, about 8600 sq. ft. Any of these machines allow for quick exit in case of an emergency. <a href="http://www.trackjet.de/" target="_blank"></a><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DQRR4xayo-o/V4lPoG9LvGI/AAAAAAAAOLc/KC_ECnLSkcUv8flqVKYnLpCMUocjBAXsgCLcB/s1600/08_oben.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DQRR4xayo-o/V4lPoG9LvGI/AAAAAAAAOLc/KC_ECnLSkcUv8flqVKYnLpCMUocjBAXsgCLcB/s640/08_oben.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.trackjet.de/" target="_blank">TrackJet©</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
3. <b>Chemical Removing</b><br />
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Environmentally safe chemicals are sprayed onto the runway and then brushed and worked into the rubber for and left to sit for at least four hours. Crews then come out and use high pressured water to push the gelatinous rubber debris off the sides of the runway. Unfortunately, the chemically altered rubber cannot be swept up by a machine because the machines have many parts made of rubber and the chemical would ruin them. Thus, clean up beyond spraying the debris to the shoulders is difficult and could cause future environmental and costly issues. Benefits of this method are that the pavement surface is not altered and that an expensive water blasting machine used in methods 1 and 2 above is not needed, however the chemicals can be quite expensive. An obvious disadvantage is that the runway is not usable while the chemical is present.<br />
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<br />
4. <b>High Velocity Impact Removal (Shotblasting)</b><br />
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A self-contained shotblaster propels abrasive particles onto the pavement blasting away contaminants. The shotblaster can be adjusted to achieve different surface textures and on non-grooved surfaces, and it can collect debris from the runway surface and recycle the steel shot for re-use. Most shotblasters are used for retexturing pavement surfaces like roads, and are small riding units that cut up to 20" per pass (good for paint removal). Atlanta uses a machine called the a <a href="http://www.skidabrader.com/docs/flyer.pdf" target="_blank">Skidabrader</a> that cuts six feet in a single pass and re-textures the pavement to boot (at a rate of greater than 10,000 sq. ft./hour). <a href="http://www.skidabrader.com/docs/skidabrader_brochure_2014.pdf" target="_blank">Click here</a> for a link to a Skidabrader Brochure, it does not include a price, but apparently is expensive to buy and operate. Another example of this is called the <a href="https://www.blastrac.eu/airport-aprons-runways.html" target="_blank">Blastrac</a>. These machines also have the ability to quickly clear from a runway. One possible issue is that the steel shot can become embedded in the pavement and then dislodged later causing a FOD (Foreign Object Debris) hazard.<br />
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5. <b>Mechanical Removal </b><br />
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This process involves grinding or milling the runway surface to achieve removal of bumps, high areas due to joints/slabs shifting, and to mill asphalt for overlay. A byproduct of this method is the removal of rubber deposits. It also improves pavement friction, but unfortunately, because it removes a surface layer up to 3/16th deep, it decreases the depth of grooved surfaces (which provide water drainage) requiring the pavement to be redone sooner. It can also cause micro-cracking of the pavement structure leading to accelerated aging and FOD.<br />
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What did I miss, get incorrect or need to clarify? Please tell me in the comments below.
</div>
Jessicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09791320752627325780noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8970885644597586170.post-80863507151943530282016-06-07T20:38:00.000-06:002016-06-08T07:21:12.163-06:00What is Runway Occupancy Time and Why Does it Matter?Runway occupancy time (ROT) is just what it sounds like: the amount of
time that a runway is occupied or not usable by another aircraft. For arrivals, this is generally measured from the time the aircraft touches down until
the time the aircraft is clear of the runway. For departures, the time starts when the aircraft enters the runway and stops as soon as the aircraft leaves the ground. What factors increase
average runway occupancy times? Weather, inexperienced pilots, aircraft
size, poor airport design, construction, and runway contaminants are
just a few possibilities.<br>
<br>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Kft5Ti8_cik/V0ufYPexS-I/AAAAAAAAMx4/hv0wWq1Np5wOd2wNXK0FfTBORNDK3MaygCLcB/s1600/aircraftonrunwaynoattributionneeded.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Runway Occupancy Time" border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Kft5Ti8_cik/V0ufYPexS-I/AAAAAAAAMx4/hv0wWq1Np5wOd2wNXK0FfTBORNDK3MaygCLcB/s400/aircraftonrunwaynoattributionneeded.jpg" title="Aircraft on Runway" width="400"></a></div>
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A group of researchers at George Mason University performed a <a href="http://catsr.ite.gmu.edu/pubs/TRB_ROTAnalysis.pdf" target="_blank">study</a> in 2009 at Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport using the installed ASDE-X (airport surface detection equipment, model-x). According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASDE-X" target="_blank">ASDE-X Wikipedia article</a>, "the data that ASDE-X uses comes from a surface movement radar located on the airport traffic control tower or remote tower, multilateration sensors, ADS-B
(Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) sensors, terminal radars,
the terminal automation system, and from aircraft transponders. By
fusing the data from these sources, ASDE-X is able to determine the
position and identification of aircraft and vehicles on the airport
surfaces, as well as of aircraft flying within 5 miles (8 km) of the
airport...". Using this equipment, the researchers from George Mason University discovered that the mean average arrival runway occupancy time was between 47.6 seconds and 56.4 seconds. The researchers stated that, "according to simple laws of physics, the higher the momentum, the more force/time it takes to decelerate the aircraft to the point where it can get off the runway." Heavy sized aircraft average runway occupancy time was 7.9 seconds to 8.8 seconds longer than any other sized aircraft. Now, you may be thinking, would 8 seconds really make a difference?<br>
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Six airlines along with the Melbourne Airport in Australia created a program called Airport Capacity Enhancement or ACE which, according to their <a href="http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Melbourne-Runway-Occupancy-Time.pdf" target="_blank">website</a>, identifies and addresses capacity constraints and makes changes to ultimately decrease runway occupancy time. According to their program, just five seconds lost per aircraft can result in a decrease of two arrival/departure slots per hour. So by decreasing ROT, airports and Air Traffic Control can allow more aircraft to arrive and depart each day, thereby increasing revenue. The ACE Program article proposed that one of the ways to decrease ROT was through informing pilots of the issue and asking them to help. For arriving aircraft the pilots can use certain taxiways at specific speeds for faster runway evacuation. For departing aircraft, they suggest that pilots complete checklists " in due time to [minimize] checks on the runway" and to react promptly when requested to line up and wait or to take off. <br>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3fhM7AuV_Vc/V0z2OFiTF1I/AAAAAAAAMz4/8AiExNW7h-Q1zaXNsOWwQwJlRDp4Z6HpQCLcB/s1600/airplanelandingattreq.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3fhM7AuV_Vc/V0z2OFiTF1I/AAAAAAAAMz4/8AiExNW7h-Q1zaXNsOWwQwJlRDp4Z6HpQCLcB/s400/airplanelandingattreq.jpg" width="400"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/images/passenger-plane-appoaching-to-landing-on-airport-runways-photo-p330005" target="_blank">Source</a></td></tr>
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During winter operations at airports that observe snow and ice each year, SRE ROT or Snow and Ice Removal Runway Occupancy Time becomes important. The amount of time that snow removal equipment, chemical depositing trucks, and surface friction measuring equipment are on a runway can cause significant flight delays. Airports should reference Advisory Circular (AC) <a href="http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/150_5220_20a.pdf" target="_blank">150/5220-20A</a> regarding Airport Snow and Ice Control Equipment. The AC gives guidelines on how much snow equipment is needed based on the size of priority 1 surfaces (main runways and taxiways) and the size and amount of aircraft the airport services. Denver International put out a <a href="http://www.winterops.ca/index.php/ci_id/108016/la_id/1.htm" target="_blank">presentation</a> regarding their improvement in snow removal operations which includes an objective to reduce runway occupancy times. The PowerPoint is impressive and there are some really great photos, not to mention that Denver achieved a decreased ROT through their efforts.<br>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kPMlYM4eylI/V1d7UXHtsdI/AAAAAAAANDg/GUY0LxfV9b4MJor_bQg9Rjq1opCHGzUfwCLcB/s1600/broomplowdiafreetouse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kPMlYM4eylI/V1d7UXHtsdI/AAAAAAAANDg/GUY0LxfV9b4MJor_bQg9Rjq1opCHGzUfwCLcB/s640/broomplowdiafreetouse.jpg" width="640"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.winterops.ca/index.php/ci_id/108016/la_id/1.htm" target="_blank">From DIA Presentation</a></td></tr>
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Runway Occupancy Time is affected by many different factors. Anything that delays an aircraft taking off or landing or vacating a runway increases ROT. Increasing ROT can put kinks in Air Traffic Control flow and cause delays all over the country. If increased ROT is a chronic issue at a specific airport, it results in less available time for more airplanes to arrive and depart. Both of these outcomes cost airlines, airports, and every other company working for these entities money. The aviation industry must always strive to keep ROT low.<br>
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<br>Jessicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09791320752627325780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8970885644597586170.post-58966626893034227572016-05-28T14:10:00.000-06:002016-06-26T12:34:53.966-06:00Runway and Taxiway Safety AreasIn my research, I came across a brief and unexpected history lesson in the Airport Design FAA Advisory Circular (AC). Pilots used to land what they called, "landing strips." With the advancement in airplanes, the landing strips needed to be improved or paved and thereafter became known as runways. The term landing strip was still used, but now referred to the graded area surrounding the runway. Since this area was no longer used for landing, the term was eventually changed to the more applicable term we know today - runway safety area.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l79nANUuY48/V0ucMff25bI/AAAAAAAAMxs/8mcXJ8APC8ArFkZn-EUTGufHJ65wJtavACLcB/s1600/runwaywithattribution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Photo credit: Bill Liao via Foter.com / CC BY-NC-SA" border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l79nANUuY48/V0ucMff25bI/AAAAAAAAMxs/8mcXJ8APC8ArFkZn-EUTGufHJ65wJtavACLcB/s320/runwaywithattribution.jpg" title="Runway with nicely mowed safety areas" width="236" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/liao/2641396691/">Bill Liao</a> via <a href="http://foter.com/">Foter.com</a> / <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/">CC BY-NC-SA</a></td></tr>
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Safety areas surround taxiways and runways and are suitable
for reducing the risk of damage to an airplane when it
unintentionally leaves the pavement proper. Safety areas are cleared and graded with no hazardous surface variations. The grading also includes planned out drainage to prevent ponding water. Only necessary objects are allowed to be in a safety area, and every object present must be frangible, or break off, at no higher than three inches. Under dry conditions, the surface must be capable of of supporting snow removal and aircraft rescue and firefighting equipment as well as the an aircraft without causing major damage to that aircraft.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lCIBypeqSbo/V0kfwAccVCI/AAAAAAAAMt4/fVZP88g01mgv6o4JdDucptr6IY8KvVrNgCLcB/s1600/TSA%2BOFA%2Bscreenshot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Taxiway Safety Area " border="0" height="315" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lCIBypeqSbo/V0kfwAccVCI/AAAAAAAAMt4/fVZP88g01mgv6o4JdDucptr6IY8KvVrNgCLcB/s320/TSA%2BOFA%2Bscreenshot.jpg" title="" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Taxiway Safety Area (AC 150/5300-13A)</td></tr>
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Dimensions of safety areas are determined based on the <a href="http://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.current/documentnumber/150_5300-13">Airport Design AC (150/5300-13A).</a> Taxiway safety areas are only located on the sides of the taxiway and vary in width from 49 feet to 262 feet. Runway safety areas surround the entire runway including the ends. The dimensions range from 120 feet to 500 feet in width and 240 feet to 1000 feet in length beyond the departure end of the runway. Most large commercial airports have safety areas 500 feet in width and 1000 feet at each end of the runway. When it is not possible to have a full safety area at the end of the runway, an EMAS system (Engineered Materials Arresting System) may be installed. EMAS systems are made from a lightweight cement designed to stop airplanes by slowing them down quickly in the event of an overrun. The aircraft actually sinks down into the material. It's really neat, look it up!<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Wos7kucTIM4/V2TEA4dsY4I/AAAAAAAANPM/k6BLxSvXghUg38xHUT262rAwwNZGWSXVACLcB/s1600/EMAS%2BKey%2BWest%2BSave%2B1_RETpermissiongranted.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="369" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Wos7kucTIM4/V2TEA4dsY4I/AAAAAAAANPM/k6BLxSvXghUg38xHUT262rAwwNZGWSXVACLcB/s640/EMAS%2BKey%2BWest%2BSave%2B1_RETpermissiongranted.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Courtesy
of Key West Int'l Airport and Zodiac Aerospace (<a href="http://www.zodiacaerospace.com/en/products-services/aerosafety/arresting-systems/commercial-systems/emas-engineered-material-arresting-system/emasmaxr" target="_blank">Source</a>)</span></td></tr>
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Construction is not permitted within a runway or taxiway safety area. If
construction needs to be done, the safety area can be restricted to a
smaller group of aircraft. This is done often at large airports where
many construction projects are done each year. A Notice to Airman
(NOTAM) is issued by the airport operator and larger aircraft are not
permitted into the restricted taxiway area. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ki8HdMJ2h-w/V0khHgaCVzI/AAAAAAAAMuE/bFcZVk8OlewmNiL1rRoBPVSrYW-j0vkfACLcB/s1600/RSA%2Bscreenshot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="337" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ki8HdMJ2h-w/V0khHgaCVzI/AAAAAAAAMuE/bFcZVk8OlewmNiL1rRoBPVSrYW-j0vkfACLcB/s400/RSA%2Bscreenshot.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Runway Safety Area (AC 150/5300-13A)</td></tr>
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Okay, let's get to the whole reason for safety areas: runway excursions. According to a <a href="http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Runway_End_Safety_Area">Skybrary</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"> article </a>about runway end safety areas, minor overruns occur on average once per week and worldwide are the fourth overall cause of airline fatalities. If excursions are really happening this often, it is very important to ensure that safety areas area kept cleared, graded, and within all FAA and ICAO guidelines that apply. According to the Canada transportation safety board, at least one airplane per month runs off the runway (and interestingly in Canada, that number is double). <br />
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Here are a few links to YouTube video runway excursions:<br />
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<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-z2o0acIlm4" target="_blank">St. Barts Runway Overrun (quite the safety area)</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RHN9tiwIeo" target="_blank">Plane slides off runway at LaGuardia</a><br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/WSuhDeujEM0" target="_blank">Airphile Express Overrun</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovWmIneCwE0" target="_blank">Boeing 727 Overrun</a><br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/emcSX1kijXM" target="_blank">EMAS System Promo</a><br />
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<br />Jessicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09791320752627325780noreply@blogger.com2